Criticism and Review of Quranic Reasons for the legitimacy of Prison Punishment in Islam

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 ph.D student, Department of Quran and Hadith Sciences, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of feghh and law , Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, Department of feghh and law, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Imprisonment has been among the notable topics of thinkers and social reformers in different historical periods. After the emergence of Islam, this issue became one of the important and challenging issues of Quranic commentators, jurists and jurists in such a way that today we see various debates including agreement and opposition to this issue. Examining Quranic sources shows that because there is no clear prohibition of prison punishment in the Holy Quran, therefore Islamic governments have used this punishment as one of the most common punishments throughout history. In this research, which was carried out with the method of library study and descriptive-analytical approach, an attempt was made to investigate the issue of legitimacy of imprisonment from the perspective of the verses of the Holy Quran and traditions transmitted in Shia and Sunni hadith sources. The results of the research show that the legitimacy of imprisonment is accepted in terms of Islamic principles, but its examples and cases, especially in security and religious crimes, are disputed by different religions. This issue has created doubts about the illegitimacy of imprisonment in the minds of the public.

Keywords

Main Subjects


The Holy Qur'an.
Abu Zakaria, Yahya Ibn Sharaf, (No date), Menhaj Talibin, Cairo: No Publication Name.
Al-Malibari Al-Hindi, Ahmad bin Hassan, (No date), Fatah Al-Mu'ain, Beirut: Dar al-Fakr.
Alousi al-Baghdadi, (1415 AH), Ruh al-Ma'ani, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Alamiyyah.
Ameli, Ibrahim, (No date), Tafsir Ameli, Tehran: Sadouq Book Shop.
Asqlani, Ibn Hajar, (No date), Lasan al-Mizan, Beirut: Dar al-Alam.
Bahri, Mohammad; Davar, Ali-Akbar, (2010), an attitude on general criminal law, Tehran: Science Publications.
Beyhaqi, Ahmad bin Hussain bin Ali, (14120 AH), Al-Sunan al-Kubara, Beirut: Dar al-Marafa.
Damghani, Mohammad Taqi, (1357), an introduction to the history of new laws in Iran, Tehran: Law Publishing.
Danesh, Taj Zaman, (1376), prisoners' rights and the science of prisons, Tehran: No Publication Name.
Faiz Kashani, Mohsen, (1392 AH), Al-Wafi, Isfahan: Library of Imam Amirul Mominin.
Faiz Kashani, Mohsen, (1415 AH), Al-Safi, Tehran: Sadr School.
Fakhr al-Haqqeen, Muhammad bin Hassan, (1387), Idaba al-Fawad in the description of the problems of the rules, Qom: No Publication Name.
Fakhr Razi, Muhammad bin Omar, (1412 AH), Al-Mafiyat al-Gheeb, Cairo: Al-Bahieh Press.
Farahidi, Khalil bin Ahmad, (1409 AH), Al-Ain, Beirut: Dar al-Maktab.
Flor, Willem, (1366), Essays on the social history of Iran in the Qajar era, translated by: Abolqasem Siri, Tehran: Soroush.
Hasnain, Muhammad Makhlouf, (1414 AH), Safwa Al Bayan, Damascus: Dar Al Alam.
Ibn Abbas, Abdullah, (1406 AH), Tanweer al-Maqiyas, Beirut: Dar al-Marafa.
Ibn Abedin, Muhammad bin Umar bin Abdul Aziz, (1410 AH), Rejection of Ali al-Dur al-Mukhtar, Beirut: Dar al-Marafa.
Ibn Arabi, Muhammad bin Abdullah, (1398 AH), Akhmat al-Qur'an, Beirut: Darahiya al-Kutub al-Arabi.
Ibn Farhoun, (1301 A.H.), the book of Commentary on Al-Hakam fi Usul al-Aqdiya and Manahaj al-Ahkam, Egypt: Offset printing.
Ibn Hammam, Kamal al-Din Muhammad bin Ghazi, (1415 AH), Fath al-Qadir for the Infirm, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Alamiyyah.
Ibn Jozi, (No date), Revisions of the Qur'an, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Alamiya.
Ibn Majeh, (1373 A.H.), Ibn Majah's Sunan, Research: Mohammad Fouad Abdul Baqi, Cairo: Offset Printing.
Ibn Manzoor, Muhammad ibn Abd Allah, (1404 AH), the sentence of imprisonment in Islamic law, Riyadh, No Publication Name.
Ibn Najjar, Muhammad bin Ahmad Fatuhi, (1416 AH), Mantahi al-Aradat, Beirut: Alam al-Kutub.
Ibn Qayyem Joziyeh, Shams al-Din Muhammad, (1381 AH), al-Tarzah al-Hakamiya, Cairo: Dar al-Ma'roof.
Ibn Qudamah, Abu Muhammad Abdullah bin Ahmad, (1392 AH), al-Mughani, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi.
Ibn Shub, (1363), Tarikh al-Madinah al-Nura, Qom: Dar al-Fakr.
Johari, Ismail bin Hammad, (1407 AH), Sahaha: Taj al-Lagha and Sahaha al-Arabiyyah, Cairo: Dar al-Fikr.
Kasani, Abu Bakr bin Masoud, (1402 AH), Bada'e al-Sana'e in the order of al-Shar'ee, Beirut: Dar al-Muktaba.
Katani, Abd al-Hay bin Abd al-Kabir, (No date), Nizam al-Hukuma al-Nabawiyyah, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi.
Kilini, Jafar bin Yaqub, (1417 AH), Al-Kafi, Qom: Al-Islamiya.
Malik al-Ulami Kashani, Abu Bakr bin Masoud, (1328 AH), Bada'e al-Sana'i, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi.
Malik bin Anas, (1400 AH), Maduna al-Kuba, Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
Maraghi, Ahmed Mostafi, (1407 AH), Tafsir al-Maraghi, Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
Mardawi, Ali bin Suleiman, (No date), Al-Ansaf fi Marafah Al-Reaj Man Al-Khalaf, Beirut: Dar al-Hiya.
Mawardi, Abul Hasan Ali Bin Al Hasan, (1386 AH), Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, Qom: Islamic Tablighat Office.
Meshkini Ardabili, Mirza Ali, (2002), Tahrir Al-Muhamm Maad Lal-Lasham fi Usul al-Fiqh, Qom: Mehr Publishing House.
Montazeri, Hossein Ali, (1409 AH), Studies in Wilayat Al-Faqih and Islamic Islamic Jurisprudence, Qom: No Publication Name.
Moqrizi, Ahmed bin Ali, (1325 AH), Kitab al-Shaqt al-Moqriziya, Misr: No Publication Name.
Mousavi Al-Khomeini, Ruhollah, (1384), Tahrir al-Wasila, Qom: Ismailian Institute.
Mufid, Muhammad bin Muhammad (1399 AH), Al-Arshad, Beirut: Al-Alami Al-Mahabbat Institute.
Najafi, Mohammad Hasan bin Baqir, (1981), Jawahar al-Kalam fi Sharh Shar'e al-Islam, Beirut: Dar al-Muktaba.
Qarafi, Ahmad Ibn Idris, (1418 AH), Al-Froq or Anwar al-Broq fi Anwa al-Froq, Beirut: Dar al-Muktaba.
Razi, Ibn Abi Hatim, (1418 AH), al-Jarh wa al-Tadi'il, Qom: Library of Jurisprudence School.
Saidi, Farideh, (2013), "Imprisonment", Jahan Islam Encyclopaedia, Tehran: Jahan Islam Encyclopaedia Publications.
Sanani, Abd al-Razzaq bin Hammam, (1403 AH), al-Musnaf, Beirut: Dar al-Muktaba.
Sarkhsi, Shams al-Din, (1406 AH), Al-Mobsut, Beirut: Dar al-Marafa.
Seyyed al-Bakri, Abu Bakr, (1408 AH), Amana Talibin, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Alamiyyah.
Shafi'i, Abi Abdullah Muhammad bin Idris, (1403 AH), Al-Alam, Beirut: Dar al-Fakr for printing and publishing.
Shah Abd al-Azim Hosni, (1364), Tafsir Ezna Ashri, Tehran: Miqat Publications.
Shoukani, Muhammad bin Ali bin Muhammad, (1415 AH), Fath al-Qadir, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Alamiyyah.
Shoukani, Muhammad bin Ali, (1403 AH), Niel al-Ottar for the commentary of Muntakhi al-Akhbar, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Alamiyyah.
Tabarsi, Muhammad bin Hasan, (1384 AH), Majma al-Bayan fi Ta'awil Ai al-Qur'an, Beirut: Dar Al-Hadi.
Tabasi, Najm al-Din, (1374), the cases of al-Sajjn in al-Nasoo and al-Fatawi, Qom: Rah Haq.
Tabatabaei Yazdi, Mohammad Kazem bin Abdulazim, (No date), Al-Arwa Al-Waghti, Qom: Al-Davari School.
Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein, (1417 AH), Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an, Qom: Jamia Madrasin Hozamieh.
The first martyr, Muhammad bin Makki, (1979 AD), Al-Qasas va Al-Fawida: fi fiqh va al-usul va al-Arabiya, Qom: Dar al-Hadi.
Tousi, Muhammad bin Hassan, (1388), Al-Mabusut Fi Fiqh al-Umamiya, Tehran: Islamiya Publications.
Tusi, Muhammad bin Hassan, (1385 AH), Al-Tabyan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an, Najaf: Al-Nu'man Library.
Vaeli, Ahmad, (1367), Prison rules in Islam, Tehran: Bahrami.
Zayd bin Ali, (1412 AH), Masnad Zayd, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Arabiya.