Quran and Hadith Studies
Typology of Misunderstandings of Medical Hadithes
Document Type : Research Article
Authors
1 Assistant Professor of Quran and Hadith Sciences. Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies ,,Imam Sadiq University. Tehran. Iran
2 Ph.D. student in Quran and Hadith Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Medical narrations as sayings attributed to Ahl al-Bayt (PBUH) that deal with human health, prevention and treatment have attracted the attention of hadith scholars and researchers of Islamic sciences since long ago and led them to write works on understanding and use. From these religious teachings has led. In the meantime, a group of believers in Islamic medicine, relying on these works, have turned to medical prescriptions and given many treatment recommendations. Meanwhile, the study of some of these books reveals many damages in the process of understanding these narrations. Regardless of the validation of narrations and their documentary or textual criticism, in the leading research, focusing on common damage to Typology of the most important slippages of understanding, such as "neglecting the difference between the language of narrations and the language of medical knowledge", "misleading the appearance of narrations", "inappropriate generalization of those hadiths" , "stagnation on their words", "disregarding the environmental and individual conditions of the audience", "maximum influence of contemporary discourses" and "lack of methodical scientific logic" have been discussed, and in addition, common medical examples related to each have been analyzed and investigated.
Keywords
Main Subjects
The Holy Qur’an.
Al-Bīrī, ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Ḥabīb (n.d.), al-‘Ilāj bi-al-aghdhiyah wa al-a‘shāb fī bilād al-Maghrib, (n.p.). (In Arabic)
Al-Bīrī, ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Ḥabīb (n.d.), al-Fikr al-Islāmī al-ḥadīth wa ṣilatuhu bi-al-isti‘mār al-gharbī, Maktabat Wahbah. (In Arabic)
Al-Fiqh al-mansūb li-al-Imām al-Riḍā (PBUH) al-mushtahar bi-Fiqh al-Riḍā (1406 H), Qom: Mu’assasat Āl al-Bayt (PBUH) li-Iḥyā’ al-Turāth. (In Arabic)
ʿAqbah, Bagam; and Mehrvash, Farhang (2019), Genealogy of the Quranic concept of the heart, Interpretation and Language of the Quran, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 77–94. (In Persian)
Aṣma‘ī, ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Qurayb (1431 H), Khalq al-insān, al-Maktabah al-Shāmilah. (In Arabic)
Azharī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (2001), Tahdhīb al-lughah, ed. Muḥammad ‘Awaḍ Mura‘ib, Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī. (In Arabic)
Daneshgar, Majid (2023), The Qurʾān and science, part III: Makers of the scientific miraculousness. Journal of Religion and Science, 58(4), 1005-1028.
Dārimī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (1431 H), al-Tuḥaf wa al-ẓuraf, al-Maktabah al-Shāmilah. (In Arabic)
Delbarī, Muḥammad (1389 SH), The damage of narration by meaning in hadiths: factors and consequences, Islamic Studies: Quran and Hadith Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 84, pp. 59–92. (In Persian)
Delpierre, Cyrille; Lefèvre, Thomas (2023), Precision and personalized medicine: What their current definition says and silences about the model of health they promote. Implication for the development of personalized health, Frontiers in Sociology, 8, 1-5.
Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn Abū ‘Abd Allāh (1382 H), Mīzān al-i‘tidāl fī naqd al-rijāl, Beirut: Dār al-Ma‘rifah lil-Ṭibā‘ah wa al-Nashr. (In Arabic)
Ebrahimi, Asmaʾ; Nazari, Ali Mohammad; Hasani, Jafar (1394 SH), Psychological Pathology from the Perspective of the Holy Quran: A Thematic Analysis, Islam and Health, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 15–24. (In Persian)
Farāhīdī, Khalīl ibn Aḥmad (n.d.), Kitāb al-ʿayn, ed. Mahdī al-Makhzūmī and Ibrāhīm al-Sāmarrāʾī, Beirut: Dār wa Maktabat al-Hilāl. (In Arabic)
Farāsatī, Amirḥusayn (1402 SH), The Idea of "Shifaˀ" in the Theology of Health: A Historical and Linguistic Investigation in the Exegetic Tradition (Master’s Thesis). Imam Ṣādiq University, Tehran. (In Persian)
Fatāl Nīsābūrī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (1375 H), Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn, Qom: al-Sharīf al-Raḍī. (In Arabic)
Fayḍ Kāshānī, Muḥammad ibn Shāh Murtaḍā (1406 H), al-Wāfī, Iṣfahān: Maktabat al-Imām Amīr al-Muʾminīn ʿAlī (PBUH). (In Arabic)
Goadsby, Peter J, (2022), Headache. In J. Loscalzo, A. Fauci, D. Kasper, S. Hauser, D. Longo, & J. L. Jameson (Eds.), (J. Loscalzo, A. Fauci, D. Kasper, S. Hauser, D. Longo, & J. L. Jameson, Eds.), Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine (21st ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Ḥākim al-Nīsābūrī, Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd Allāh (1356 H), Ma‘rifat ‘ulūm al-ḥadīth, ed. al-Sayyid Mu‘aẓẓam Ḥusayn, India: Jam‘iyyat Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif al-‘Uthmāniyyah Ḥaydarābād al-Dakan. (In Arabic)
Ḥāsānzādeh Khayyāt, Tāhereh (1400 SH), Rereading the Concept of "Heart" from the Perspective of the Quran and Hadiths and Its Application in Human Life, Quranic Studies, Nameh-e-Jami'ah, Vol. 18, No. 137, pp. 31–51. (In Persian)
Ḥimyarī, ‘Abd Allāh ibn Ja‘far (1371 H), Qurb al-isnād, Qom: Mu’assasat Āl al-Bayt (PBUH) li-Iḥyā’ al-Turāth. (In Arabic)
Ḥurr al-‘Āmilī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan (1409 H), Wasā’il al-Shī‘ah, Qom: Mu’assasat Āl al-Bayt(PBUH). (In Arabic)
Ibn Abī Shaybah, ‘Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad (1436 H), al-Muṣannaf, ed. Sa‘d ibn Nāṣir al-Shathrī, Riyadh: Dār Kunūz Ishbīliyā lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzī‘. (In Arabic).
Ibn Ash‘ath, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad (n.d.), al-Ja‘fariyyāt (al-Ash‘athiyyāt), Tehran: Maktabat al-Nīnawā al-Ḥadīthah. (In Arabic)
Ibn Bābawayh, Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī (1371 H), al-I‘tiqādāt, ed. ‘Iṣām ‘Abd al-Sayyid, Qom: al-Mu’tamar al-‘Ālamī li-Alfiyyat al-Shaykh Mufīd. (In Arabic)
Ibn Bābawayh, Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī (1378 H), ‘Uyūn akhbār al-Riḍā ‘alayhi al-salām, ed. Mahdī Lājawrdī, Tehran: Nashr-i Jahān. (In Arabic)
Ibn Bābawayh, Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī (1385 H), ‘Ilal al-sharā’i‘, Qom: Dāwarī. (In Arabic)
Ibn Bābawayh, Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī (1406 H), Thawāb al-a‘māl wa ‘iqāb al-a‘māl, Qom: Dār al-Sharīf al-Raḍī lil-Nashr. (In Arabic).
Ibn Bābawayh, Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī (1413 H), Man lā yaḥḍuruhu al-faqīh, ed. ‘Alī Akbar Ghaffārī, Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī. (In Arabic)
Ibn Bābawayh, Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī (1416 H), al-Khiṣāl, ed. ‘Alī Akbar Ghaffārī, Qom: Jamā‘at al-Mudarrisīn fī al-Ḥawzah al-‘Ilmiyyah Qom, Mu’assasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī. (In Arabic)
Ibn Basṭām, ‘Abd Allāh (1416 H), Ṭibb al-a’imma ‘alayhim al-salām, ed. Muḥammad Mahdī Khersān, Najaf al-Ashraf: al-Maṭba‘ah al-Ḥaydariyyah. (In Arabic)
Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1416 H), Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, ed. Shu‘ayb al-Arnā’ūṭ, Beirut: Mu’assasat al-Risālah. (In Arabic).
Ibn Hishām, ‘Abd Allāh (1411 H), Mughnī al-labīb ‘an kutub al-a‘ārīb, ed. Muḥyī al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd, Beirut: al-Maktabah al-‘Aṣriyyah. (In Arabic)
Ibn Shahrāshūb, Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī (1379 H), Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib ‘alayhim al-salām, Qom: ‘Allāmah. (In Arabic)
Ibn Ṭāwūs, ‘Alī ibn Mūsā (1409 H), al-Amān min akhṭār al-asfār wa al-azmān, Qom: Mu’assasat Āl al-Bayt (PBUH) li-Iḥyā’ al-Turāth. (In Arabic)
Karīmī-Maḥallī, Tāhereh; Sharifī, Muhammad; Rabīʿ-Intaj, Sayyid ʿAlī-Akbar (1398 SH), Authenticity and inauthenticity of narration by meaning: An exploration into the extent of narration by meaning and its relation to distortion and alteration of words, Hadith Sciences, Vol. 93, No. 24, pp. 131–157. (In Persian)
Khalaf, Ḥasan; Balāwī, Rasūl (1438 H), al-Dalālah al-majāziyyah li-al-a‘dād al-aṣliyyah fī al-Qur’ān al-karīm, Dirāsāt fī al-‘ulūm al-insāniyyah, Vol. 2, No. 23, pp. 15–26. (In Arabic)
Kulaynī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb (1407 H), al-Kāfī, ed. ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī, Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyyah. (In Arabic)
Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, Anthony; Kasper, Dennis; Hauser, Stephen; Longo, Dan; & Jameson, J. Larry, (2022), The Practice of Medicine, Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine (21st ed., pp. 1-8). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Maʿārif, Majīd (1385 SH), Narration by meaning in hadith, its causes and consequences, Quran and Hadith Research Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 7–24. (In Persian)
Maghrebī, Nuʿmān ibn Muḥammad (1385 H), Daʿāʾim al-Islām, ed. Āṣif Fayḍī, Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt (ʿalayhim al-salām). (In Arabic)
Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muḥammad Taqī (1403 H), Biḥār al-anwār al-jāmiʿah li-durar akhbār al-aʾimmah al-aṭhār (ʿalayhim al-salām) , Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. (In Arabic)
Mostafavī, Hasan (1385 SH), al-Taḥqīq fī Kalimāt al-Qur’ān al-Karīm. Tehran: Markaz Nashr Asār ʿAlāmah Mostafavī. (In Arabic)
Mustaghfirī, Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad (1362 H), Ṭibb al-Nabī (PBUH), ed. Muḥammad Mahdī Khersān, Qom: al-Maṭbaʿah al-Ḥaydariyyah. (In Arabic)
Nawāb, Sayyid Abū al-Ḥasan; and Reżāʾī, Asadallāh (1400 SH), Origin, Confusion and Agreement of Imamiyyah and Sunnis in Various Purposes of Sharia, Jurisprudential Research, Vol. 47, No. 17, pp. 1183–1210. (In Persian)
Nūrī, Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad Taqī (1408 H), Mustadrak al-wasāʾil, Beirut: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt(PBUH) li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth. (In Arabic)
Pakatchi, Ahmad (1394 SH), Fiqh al-Hadith: Discussions on Narration by Meaning, Tehran: Imam Ṣādiq University. (In Persian)
Pakatchi, Ahmad (1396 SH), Fiqh al-Hadith: Based on Issues of Wording, Tehran: Imam Ṣādiq University. (In Persian)
Ra’īs al-Sādātī, Bībī Narjes; Fallāh, Muḥammad Ḥusayn; Vazīrī, Saʿīd; and ʿĀṣī, Abū al-Qāsim (1401 SH), Analysis of heart damage concepts from the perspective of the Holy Quran, Quran and Medicine, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 46–57. (In Persian)
Rāḍī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn (1414 H), Nahj al-balāghah, ed. Ṣubḥī Ṣāliḥ, Qom: Hijrat. (In Arabic)
Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad (1412 H), Mufradāt fī gharīb al-Qur’ān, ed. Ṣafwān ‘Adnān al-Dāwūdī, Beirut: Dār al-Qalam. (In Arabic).
Rāzī, Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyā (1422 H), al-Ḥāwī fī al-ṭibb, ed. Haytham Khalīfah Ṭu‘aymī, Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī. (In Arabic)
Sackett, D.L.; Rosenberg, W.M.; Gray, J.A.; Haynes, R.B.; & Richardson, W.S. (1996). Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. BMJ, 312(7023), 71-72.
Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir (1417 H), Baḥūth fī ʿilm al-uṣūl, ed. Sayyid Maḥmūd Hāshimī, Qom: Markaz al-Ghadīr lil-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyyah. (In Arabic)
Shahriyārī-Nasab, Muḥammad Mahdī; Aʿrābī, Muḥsin; Shāmhamadī Banī, Mahdī; and Khosh-Niyat, Ghulāmrezā (2023), Critique of the method of understanding medical hadiths in the book ' Dirāsah fī Ṭibb al-Rasūl al-Muṣṭafā', Research in Religion and Health, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 164–178.(In Persian)
Sharifī, Muḥammad; Karīmī, Tāhereh (1400 SH), Narration by meaning in hadiths: criteria and indicators for identification, Hadith and Thought, Vol. 16, No. 32, pp. 177–204. (In Persian)
Surana, Neeraj K.; Dinarello, Charles A.; & Porat, Reuven. (2022). Fever. In J. Loscalzo, A. Fauci, D. Kasper, S. Hauser, D. Longo, & J. L. Jameson (Eds.), (J. Loscalzo, A. Fauci, D. Kasper, S. Hauser, D. Longo, & J. L. Jameson, Eds.), Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine (21st ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. (In Persian)
Ṭabarsī, Ḥasan ibn Faḍl (1370 H), Makārim al-akhlāq, Qom: al-Sharīf al-Raḍī. (In Arabic)
Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim (1393 SH), Understanding the traditions of eating salt based on Razavi narrations. National conference on Razavi hadith, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 213–222. (In Persian)
Ṭabresī, Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī (1403 H), al-Iḥtijāj ʿalā ahl al-lijāj, ed. Muḥammad Bāqir Khurāsān, Mashhad: Nashr Murtaḍā. (In Arabic)
Tabrizian, Abbas (1395 SH), Study in Medicine of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), Mashhad: Sunbale. (In Persian)
Ṭibb al-Imām al-Riḍā ʿalayhi al-salām (al-Risālah al-dhahabiyyah) (1402 H), ed. Muḥammad Mahdī Najaf, Qom: Maṭbaʿat al-Khayyām. (In Arabic)
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan (1407 H), Tahdhīb al-aḥkām, ed. Ḥasan Khersān, Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyyah. (In Arabic)
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan (1414 H), al-Amālī, Qom: Muʾassasat al-Biʿthah. (In Arabic).
)